Long-term vagus nerve stimulation synergized with rapamycin elicits neuroimmune modulation to prolong skin allograft survival.

Xinghua Meng, Zhan Fan, Zhenzhen Cai, Mingdong Xie, Jingping Su, Shiqi Luo, Hongyi Yang, Zhihong Zhang

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In one paragraph

Article in iScience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Xinghua MengSchool of Life and Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, Hainan Province Key Laboratory of One Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Life and Health, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.

Zhan FanSchool of Life and Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, Hainan Province Key Laboratory of One Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Life and Health, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.

Zhenzhen CaiState Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China.

Mingdong XieState Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China.

Jingping SuState Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China.

Shiqi LuoState Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China.

Hongyi YangState Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China.

Zhihong ZhangSchool of Life and Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, Hainan Province Key Laboratory of One Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Life and Health, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been reported to suppress inflammation and autoimmune diseases; however, its role in transplantation rejection remains poorly defined. We developed a model for long-term VNS (L-VNS) and evaluated its efficacy, alone and combined with immunosuppressant rapamycin (L-VNS&Rapa), in a major-mismatch skin transplant model. L-VNS prolonged allograft survival, while L-VNS&Rapa enhanced this effect. Mechanistically, L-VNS&Rapa was superior in restraining T cell/macrophage infiltration, and systemic and local Th1 cytokine IFN-γ levels. Furthermore, L-VNS elevated splenic neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) and lowered splenic and systemic IFN-γ levels.

Indexed as

Biological sciencesImmunologyNeuroscience

Identifiers

PMID41858626

DOI10.1016/j.isci.2026.115189

PMCPMC12995910

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.