ArticleJournal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines2026
The association between inflammatory markers in routine blood counts at 1 year and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A case-control study.
Article in Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder marked by persistent patterns of inattention, disorganization, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Increasing evidence implicates immune-inflammatory processes in its etiology, with observed associations between ADHD and infectious diseases, allergic conditions, and recent findings involving SARS-CoV-2. This study investigated whether early-life inflammatory markers, as measured by routine complete blood counts (CBCs) in clinically healthy 1-year-old children, were associated with subsequent diagnoses of ADHD.
methodsA retrospective case-control study was conducted using electronic medical records from Leumit Health Services, encompassing children under 18 years between January 1, 2006, and June 30, 2021. The sample included children who underwent routine CBC testing at age one during a well-child visit, without signs of acute illness. ADHD cases were identified based on ICD-9/10 criteria. Controls, free of any ADHD diagnosis, were randomly selected at a 1:2 ratio and matched for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and cultural sector. Analyses included white blood cell (WBC) subtypes and platelet counts, with the calculation of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR).
resultsChildren who were subsequently diagnosed with ADHD demonstrated statistically significant elevated total WBC counts at age one, including higher neutrophil, eosinophil, and lymphocyte levels, and lower basophil counts compared to matched controls (all p < .05). No significant differences were observed in PLR between groups.
conclusionsElevated inflammatory markers were detectable in clinically healthy 1-year-old children who were later diagnosed with ADHD. These findings suggest a potential preclinical inflammatory phenotype linked to ADHD risk, highlighting the need for further investigation into early immune dysregulation as a contributing factor in ADHD pathophysiology. Early identification of such biomarkers may inform preventive strategies and targeted interventions in high-risk pediatric populations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.