Reducing human error in global healthcare: leadership, learning, and system resilience.

Human error in healthcare and public health remains a major contributor to patient harm and inefficiency globally. In high-income countries, it is estimated that 1 in 10 patients are harmed during hospital care, with nearly half of these incidents being preventable. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the situation is even more concerning. The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified adverse events in healthcare as a major source of preventable harm in LMICs, highlighting persistent systemic weaknesses in quality of care and patient safety. While human errors occur, most patient harm stems from complex systemic factors rather than negligence. High-reliability organizations show that proactive leadership, transparent communication, and organizational learning reduce error likelihood and impact. Continuous quality improvement and simulation-based training strengthen resilience, enabling systems to anticipate and adapt to challenges. Technology-assisted tools, such as electronic health records and decision-support systems, further enhance error detection, though their success depends on integration and engagement. Building health system resilience therefore requires coordinated strategies that prioritize leadership, organizational learning, and adaptive design over punitive responses.