ArticleZoonoses and public health2026
A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study (2009-2023): Exploring Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Antibody Time Series in Humans and Swine and Vaccine Coverage in Two Target Groups.
Article in Zoonoses and public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Zoonotic infections and genomic evolution of novel reassortant swine influenza A viruses in Spain.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
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8 authors.
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Abstract
introductionSwine may act as 'epidemiological bridges' and reservoirs for the emergence of novel zoonotic influenza viruses with pandemic potential. While bidirectional exchange of influenza A viruses at the swine-human interface is well recognised, data on the extent of interspecies transmission are limited.
methodsWe analysed the post-seasonal geometric mean titre (GMT) of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 antibodies in humans and the seasonal prevalence of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 antibodies in unvaccinated swine from 2009/2010-2022/2023 per county in Norway to search for evidence of interspecies transmission. We explored correlations at the national and individual county level and investigated possible associations by running a negative binomial regression model. Additionally, we distributed an influenza vaccination questionnaire to veterinarians and farmers working with swine to assess vaccination uptake and calculated total response rates per county and overall.
resultsThe time series of H1N1pdm09 antibodies from humans and swine show significant positive correlations both across (0.8 Pearson correlation coefficient) and within certain individual counties, with especially high correlations in Innlandet (0.9), Vestland (0.8) and Rogaland (0.7) Counties. Our regression analysis revealed a significant positive association between the annual GMT of H1N1pdm09 antibodies in humans, the annual seroprevalence of H1N1pdm09 antibodies in swine, and the density of swine farms in counties. Vaccination uptake was 39% and 50% in farmers and veterinarians, respectively.
conclusionsOur findings indicate a temporal relationship between the disease in humans and swine; suggesting spillover, environmental factors facilitating disease spread, and/or indirect relationships driven by unknown factors. IMPACTS: The time series of H1N1pdm09 antibodies in humans and swine shows significant correlations. Regression analysis links GMT of H1N1pdm09 antibodies in humans to seroprevalence of H1N1pdm09 in swine and density of swine farms. This indicates a temporal relationship possibly due to spillover, shared risk factors or indirect relationships driven by unknown factors. The influenza vaccination survey showed a 39% uptake among farmers and 50% among swine veterinarians.
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