SynthesisJournal of clinical periodontology2026
Impact of Electronic Cigarette Use on the Oral Microbiota: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Journal of clinical periodontology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Subgingival Microbiome in Young Adult Cigarette Smokers, E-Cigarette Users, and Non-Smokers.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Inflammatory Biomarker Profiles in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Electronic Cigarette Users: A Cross-Sectional Study.Dentistry journal · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimTo examine whether the oral microbiota of e-cigarette users differs from that of never smokers and current smokers. MATERIALS AND
methodsPubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were searched on 27 August 2025. Human studies using molecular methods to compare oral microbiota in saliva, subgingival plaque and oral mucosal swabs among e-cigarette users, never smokers and current smokers were included. Primary outcomes were alpha diversity, beta diversity and differential taxonomic abundance. Risk of bias was assessed using JBI tools and certainty of evidence using GRADE.
resultsTwelve studies were included; most were cross-sectional and heterogeneous in design, exposure and samples. Alpha diversity findings were inconsistent across samples, whereas beta diversity more consistently indicated distinct microbial communities in e-cigarette users compared with never smokers and current smokers. Taxonomic differences were heterogeneous and sample-dependent, with some enrichment of genera such as Veillonella, Leptotrichia, and Fusobacterium compared with never smokers.
conclusionsElectronic cigarette use is associated with sample-specific oral microbiota differences that partly overlap with, but differ from, those observed in never smokers and current smokers. However, the certainty of evidence is very low due to predominantly cross-sectional designs and methodological limitations, underscoring the need for longitudinal studies with standardised exposure and protocols.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.