Prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of macrosomia in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

objectiveMacrosomia is an emerging but neglected obstetric challenge in Africa, associated with potentially life-threatening complications to both the mother and the fetus, including maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence, associated risk factors, and neonatal and maternal outcomes of macrosomia by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis.

designWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. DATA SOURCES: We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science to extract data from those that have investigated various aspects of the prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of macrosomia from the earliest records to 26 August 2025. Appropriate search terms were used for each database. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: We included observational studies that examined the prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of macrosomia in Africa. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two independent reviewers used standardised methods to search, screen and code included studies. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Meta-analyses were performed using random-effects models to estimate the pooled prevalence of macrosomia. The I

resultsA total of 29 studies comprising 269 934 mother-infant pairs from 9 African countries were included. The pooled prevalence of macrosomia in Africa was 6.35% (95% CI 5.22% to 7.48%), with substantial heterogeneity (I²=94.9%). Sensitivity analysis excluding one outlier study reporting a prevalence of 35.89% produced a similar pooled estimate (6.02%, 95% CI 4.94% to 7.10%). Significant risk factors for macrosomia included male neonate (OR=1.58, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.11), gestational age ≥40 weeks (OR=1.54, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.97) and history of macrosomia (OR=5.44, 95% CI 1.82 to 9.06). With respect to outcomes, macrosomia was associated with an increased risk of shoulder dystocia (OR=2.07, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.03), and a reduced risk of postpartum haemorrhage (OR=0.86, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.91), while no significant associations were observed for gestational diabetes mellitus, caesarean delivery, neonatal mortality or maternal mortality.

conclusionsMacrosomia remains a significant public health concern in Africa, with a pooled prevalence of 6.35%. There are multiple risk factors associated with macrosomia in Africa, including the male sex, prolonged gestation and a prior history of macrosomia. Also, macrosomia increases the likelihood of shoulder dystocia and other delivery complications. Preventive strategies and targeted interventions are needed to reduce the burden of macrosomia in Africa. At the same time, enhanced obstetric preparedness for macrosomic deliveries is essential to mitigate the associated adverse perinatal outcomes. However, our study is limited by high heterogeneity and publication and language biases, which should be addressed in future studies. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42023485419.