ArticleAnimal bioscience2026
Stewart-based characterisation of blood acid-base recovery over 48 h following exercise under hot condition in camels (Camelus dromedarius).
Article in Animal bioscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveExercise in desert heat disturbs respiratory and metabolic balance in camels. Unlike the Henderson-Hasselbalch model, which focuses mainly on bicarbonate and carbon dioxide, Stewart's physicochemical approach clarifies acid-base regulation through strong-ion and weak-acid effects. This experiment investigated post-exercise acid-base recovery dynamics in exercise-unacclimatized dromedary camels under hot field conditions using Stewart's approach.
methodsFive healthy bull camels completed a standardized 90-min field exercise at approximately 14 km·h-1 during midday heat. Recovery was monitored at baseline (2 h preexercise), and at 0, 3, 6, 24, and 48 h post-exercise. Sixteen respiratory, strong-ion, and weak-acid variables were measured or derived, together with biometeorological indices and ventilatory responses. Visualization tools were used to resolve temporal dynamics and inter-individual variability.
resultsHeat load was greatest at PRE/0 h and again at 24-48 h, with a transiently cooler but more humid interval at 3-6 h. A triphasic recovery pattern was evident. Immediately post-exercise (0 h), respiratory rate increased sharply, while pH showed mild alkalinization with reduced partial pressure of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, and base excess, alongside reduced oxygenation indices and early strong-ion shifts. During early recovery (3-6 h), respiratory rate declined toward baseline, but sodium excursions, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia (p<0.05), widened apparent strong-ion difference, contracted effective strongion difference, and positive strong-ion gap persisted. By late recovery (24-48 h), respiratory variables largely normalized, whereas sodium instability, sustained potassium and phosphate depression (p<0.05), and renewed strong-ion gap elevation indicated incomplete systemic restoration.
conclusionStewart analysis revealed prolonged post-exercise disequilibrium driven mainly by persistent strong-ion and weak-acid disturbances rather than respiratory adjustment alone. In this small cohort of exercise-unacclimatized dromedary camels, recovery after exertional heat exposure cannot be assumed complete within 24 h, and environmental cooling did not ensure systemic normalization. Monitoring strong-ion and protein- phosphate domains may therefore complement conventional blood gas assessment.v.
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