ArticleJACC. Advances2026
Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury.
Article in JACC. Advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundWe previously demonstrated that traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a large cohort of post-9/11 service members and veterans.
objectivesAs emerging evidence indicates that men and women have different outcomes after TBI, we sought to describe CVD risk after TBI stratified by sex.
methodsData were obtained from the Long-term Impact of Military-Relevant Brain Injury Consortium-Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium Phenotype study. The cohort was divided into 2 subgroups: men and women. The primary outcome of interest was CVD defined as a composite of coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, and CVD mortality defined by International Classification of Diseases diagnosis codes. We performed Fine-Gray competing risks analyses to determine the association of TBI severity with subsequent CVD.
resultsThe study cohort consisted of N = 1,277,430 men and N = 282,498 women, with TBI prevalence of 20.8% and 12.7%, respectively. Men had a higher prevalence of CVD risk factors, and CVD was more prevalent in men (3.1%) compared to women (1.9%) (P < 0.001). In fully adjusted models, HRs and 95% CIs for CVD risk were higher in women than in men for all levels of TBI: HR for mild TBI in women: 2.09 (2.02-2.16) vs men: 1.62 (1.60-1.64); HR for moderate/severe TBI in women: 3.45 (3.34-3.56) vs men: 2.65 (2.62-2.69); HR for penetrating TBI among women: 5.61 (5.44-5.78) vs men 4.22 (4.17-4.27).
conclusionsWe found that while CVD is less common in women, TBI is associated with a larger risk for subsequent CVD in women. Future work is needed to determine the etiology of this association to improve long-term care given the increase in female service members in combat.
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