ReviewSurgery today2026
Progress in immunological research on innate effectors in xenotransplantation.
Review in Surgery today, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In xenotransplantation research, the control of innate immune cells is problematic. In this review, we focus on molecules, which are control-related findings obtained from known immune responses, and investigate whether they can be applied to control macrophages and neutrophils. The “missing-self” is a well-known recognition system for natural killer cells, but it has been shown that human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G1, rather than HLA- E, exerts this control effect on macrophages and neutrophils. Moreover, CD47 is known as a “don’t eat me signal,” and its action can be applied to the control not only of macrophages but also of neutrophils. However, this molecule is likely influenced strongly by thrombospondin-1. In contrast, when the pulmonary surfactant protein D is converted to a membrane-type molecule, it exerts a stronger regulatory effect on macrophages and neutrophils than CD47. Regarding “contact inhibition,” the suppression of cytotoxicity by CD31 was observed in neutrophils, but not well in macrophages. In contrast, CD177, a ligand with high affinity for CD31, showed a significant regulatory effect on macrophages and neutrophils through CD31 expression. These findings are important for the future production of genetically edited pigs.
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