Assessing the reliability of saw mark features: A comparative study using stereomicroscopy, micro-XCT, and 3D printing.

Saw mark analysis is an important component of forensic anthropology, particularly in cases of postmortem dismemberment. While stereomicroscopy remains the benchmark for evaluating kerf features, recent advances in imaging technologies offer new opportunities for documenting and interpreting bone trauma. Although these modalities have been studied individually, few investigations have directly compared their relative strengths and limitations. Four fresh human femora were sectioned using six teeth per inch ripsaw to produce 32 false starts and 64 complete cuts. Sixteen kerf features were assessed across stereomicroscopy, micro-focus X-ray computed tomography (micro-XCT), and three-dimensional printed bone models, with scoring for presence, absence, or type, and quantitative measurement where applicable. In addition, a subset of 10 false starts and 10 complete cuts were selected for observer error testing. Minimum kerf width and kerf wall shape showed the highest agreement across observers and modalities, while features such as kerf flare, pull-out striae, and residual kerf wall striae demonstrated lower agreement. Stereomicroscopy provided the highest resolution for fine surface features, whereas micro-XCT enhanced non-destructive visualization of internal kerf morphology and fracture-related traits. Three-dimensional printed models reliably reproduced broader qualitative features but lacked sufficient resolution for fine-scale traits and precise measurements. Significant differences between modalities were observed for several features, emphasizing the influence of visualization method on feature detection and measurement. These findings highlight the need for standardized feature definitions and modality-specific scoring protocols. A multimodal approach of the three modalities is recommended to strengthen the reliability, interpretive value, and forensic applicability of saw mark analysis.