ReviewAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2026
Sex differences in neuromodulatory subcortical systems and their implications for Alzheimer's disease.
Abstract readReview
In one paragraph
Review in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
54 authors.
Rosaria J RaeSex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease Professional Interest Area, International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Jessica Marie Hunter AlberhaskyCarver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Marion BailletAthinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Debra A BangasserCenter for Behavioral Neuroscience and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Michael E BelloySex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease Professional Interest Area, International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Anne S BerryPsychology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA.
Chiara BerteottiDepartment of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Hannah BowInterdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
Rachel BuckleySex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease Professional Interest Area, International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Jessica Z K CaldwellSex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease Professional Interest Area, International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Matteo CarpiDepartment of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Benjamin J ClarkDepartment of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
Claire J CiampaBiology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA.
Alexander C ConleyCenter for Cognitive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Martin J DahlNeuromodulatory Subcortical Systems Professional Interest Area, International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Zoe R DonaldsonDepartment of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
Alexander J EhrenbergNeuromodulatory Subcortical Systems Professional Interest Area, International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Gillian EinsteinSex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease Professional Interest Area, International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Neus FalgàsNeuromodulatory Subcortical Systems Professional Interest Area, International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Haley A FenlonAthinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Megan C FitzhughSex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease Professional Interest Area, International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Robert C FroemkeDepartments of Neuroscience and Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Clara GallaySex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease Professional Interest Area, International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Lea Tenenholz GrinbergDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
Derek A HamiltonDepartment of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
Zia HasanBiomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada.
Oihane Uriarte HuarteDivision of Medical & Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Shaista JabeenDepartment of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Heidi I L JacobsAthinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Louis John KollingCarver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Elouise A KoopsAthinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Sabrina LenzoniNeuromodulatory Subcortical Systems Professional Interest Area, International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Claudio LiguoriDepartment of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
Riccardo MancaDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
Catherine A MarcinkiewczDepartment of Cellular and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
Tamunotonye OmoluabiBiomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada.
Rademene OriaOkuku Campus, University of Cross River State, Yala, Nigeria.
Caitlin A OrsiniDepartment of Psychology and Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
Nancy Elizabeth OrtegaDepartment of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Judy PaSex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease Professional Interest Area, International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Nathan S PentkowskiDepartment of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
Joana B PereiraClinical Neuroscience Department, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
Rhudovic RamosThe University of New Mexico School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Alburquerque, New Mexico, USA.
Derya SarginDepartment of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Abhijit SatpatiDepartment of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
Maria Clara SellesInstitute for Translational Neuroscience, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Mabel SetoSex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease Professional Interest Area, International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Shabana M ShaikSex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease Professional Interest Area, International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Shireen SindiSex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease Professional Interest Area, International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Gowoon SonNeuromodulatory Subcortical Systems Professional Interest Area, International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Valentine UcheagwuDepartment of Psychology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
Maxime Van EgrooAthinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Qi YuanBiomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada.
Michael A KelbermanNeuromodulatory Subcortical Systems Professional Interest Area, International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Funding
Impact of SAR152954 on Prenatal Alcohol Exposure-induced Neurobehavioral DeficitsUH2TR002082 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO HEALTH SCIS CTR · PI SAVAGE, DANIEL D. · 2017 to 2018
$604kAlberta Children's Hospital Research Institute STEP Postdoctoral FellowshipAlzheimerfondenAlzheimer FoundationAlzheimer Nederland WE.03-2019-02Alzheimer's Association AACSF-23-1145154Alzheimer's Association AARF-23-1026796Alzheimer's Association AARG-22-917644Alzheimer's Association AARG-22920434Alzheimer's Disease Research Center ADRC-AACAlzheimer's Society of Canada New Investigator Operating GrantBrain CanadaBrain Foundation 2022-014BrightFocus Foundation A2024006FCanadian Centre for Brain Health Innovation CABHICIHR #PJT-1691797Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development HD088411European Union - NextGenerationEUEuropean Union's Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions 101109451-ADEEPSLEEPFoundation for Geriatric Diseases at Koralinska InstitutetInstituto de Salud Carlos III JR22/00014International Max Planck Research School on Computational Methods in Psychiatry and Ageing ResearchJoan Rodes FellowshipKI Consolidator grantKissick Family FoundationKonung Gustaf V:s och Drottning Victorias StiftelseLoo and Hans Osterman Foundation for Medical ResearchMarie Curie Marie Curie Fellowship NINFA-AD GAP: 101149449Marie Curie Fellowship NINFA-AD GAP 101149449National Recovery and Resilience Plan for Romania through the Romanian Ministry of Research 760250/28.12.2023National Recovery and Resilience Plan for Romania through the Romanian Ministry of Research PNRR-C9-I8-CF109/31.07.2023National Science Foundation IOS-2045348NCATS NIH HHS UH2TR002082NIAAA NIH HHS P50-AA022534NIA NIH HHS F31-AG085963NIA NIH HHS F32-AG084196NIA NIH HHS K22-AG081276NIA NIH HHS K24-AG053435NIA NIH HHS R00-AG075238NIA NIH HHS R01-AG060477NIA NIH HHS R01-AG062559NIA NIH HHS R01-AG064314NIA NIH HHS R01-AG06806NIA NIH HHS R01-AG068062NIA NIH HHS R01-AG074330NIA NIH HHS R01-AG075802NIA NIH HHS R01-AG079142NIA NIH HHS R01-AG082006NIA NIH HHS R01-DA056534NIA NIH HHS R21-AG074220NIA NIH HHS R34-DA061483NIDA NIH HHS R01-DA055676NIMH NIH HHS R01-MH125423NINDS NIH HHS NS107616NINDS NIH HHS U01-NS131406Pew Charitable TrustsRainwater Charitable FoundationRiksbankens JubileumsfondSwedish Research Council #2022-01108The Foundation for Geriatric Diseases at Koralinska InstitutetThe Rut and Arvid Wolff Memorial FoundationUniversity of CalgaryWellcome Leap CAREWomen's Brain Health Initiative
Abstract
Neuromodulatory subcortical systems (NSSs) are uniquely susceptible to dementia-related pathology, leading to frequent molecular and behavioral impairments associated with altered function of these nuclei. Some of these systems display clear sex-specific cytoarchitecture and signaling leading to distinct physiology and behavioral outputs in males and females, while other regions display nominal sex differences. However, the relevance of sex differences in modulating dysfunction of NSSs in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias is not well understood. This review is a joint effort by the Neuromodulatory Subcortical Systems and Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease Professional Interest Areas of the Alzheimer's Association. We review sex differences in NSSs, both in non-disease states and in AD models and patients. We highlight the possible role of NSSs in driving sex-specific AD susceptibility and potential footholds for sex-based interventions targeting these systems. We conclude by outlining immediate and long-term actions to address the intersection of NSSs, sex, and AD.
Indexed as
Alzheimer DiseaseBrainSex CharacteristicsAnimalsFemaleHumansMaleacetylcholinebrainstemcorticotropin releasing hormonedopaminehistaminehypothalamusneuromodulatory subcortical systemsnorepinephrineorexin/hypocretinoxytocinselective vulnerabilityserotoninsex differencesvasopressin
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
None linked
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.