BMAL1 modulates glutamine supply to control haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell expansion.

Following specification in the dorsal aorta, haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) proliferate in the HSPC niche, known as the caudal haematopoietic tissue (CHT) in zebrafish. Here, we demonstrate that bmal1a, a core component of the circadian clock machinery, is expressed in CHT endothelial cells (ECs) and affects HSPCs in a non-cell autonomous manner. Using endothelial cell-specific dominant-negative Bmal1a zebrafish lines, we demonstrate a striking increase in HSPC numbers in the CHT, resulting from enhanced HSPC proliferation. RNA-sequencing of dominant-negative bmal1a ECs sorted from the CHT shows a downregulation of glud1a, resulting in increased glutamine levels in the CHT. This newly discovered bmal1a-glud1a-glutamine pathway fuels HSPC expansion. We demonstrate that this glutamine synthesis pathway controlling HSPC expansion is likely conserved in the mouse fetal liver (FL) niche, in which hepatocytes are the likely source of glutamine. Together, our data uncover a previously unreported mechanism of HSPC homeostasis, in which EC BMAL1, expressed by the niche, controls the amount of bioavailable glutamine for HSPCs by regulating the expression of genes involved in glutamine synthesis.