Results of the epidemiological measurement of endemics, epidemics, and pandemics.

Fabian Standl, Dominik Stelzle, Mirko Trilling, Philipp Jansen, Heribert Stich, Andreas Stang

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Infectious Disease Modelling, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Fabian StandlInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.

Dominik StelzleInstitute of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.

Mirko TrillingInstitute for the Research on HIV and AIDS-associated Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.

Philipp JansenMedical Faculty of the University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.

Heribert StichInstitute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology (IBE), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.

Andreas StangInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Reliable characterization of infection dynamics is critical for managing endemic, epidemic, and pandemic outbreaks. A persistent challenge in epidemiology is the lack of a unified quantitative framework that allows wave patterns to be compared across outbreak scales and pathogens while accounting for possible ambiguities in wave definitions. This study presents a descriptive epidemiological framework to quantify epidemic wave characteristics using the

Indexed as

Disease outbreaksEpidemiologyPandemicsSARS-CoV-2Virus diseases

Identifiers

PMID41853795

DOI10.1016/j.idm.2026.02.003

PMCPMC12992935

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.