ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2026
Accelerated early weight gain of neonatal puppies from overweight bitches compared to lean dams in spite of similar milk macronutrient composition.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Lactation is the final pathway for the maternal metabolism to influence the neonate. Studies in women and animals have shown maternal body condition affecting milk composition and/or offspring growth and adiposity. The effect of the body condition of the dam on neonatal puppy growth rate has never been examined, despite a growing population of overweight breeding dogs. This study aimed to compare the milk macronutrient composition and puppy growth rate during the neonatal period between overweight and lean bitches. Methods: A total of 16 litters from 15 medium- to large-breed client-owned dogs were enrolled after whelping. Dams were classified into lean (LE, body condition score [BCS]: 4-5/9, Results: Puppy birth weights were unaffected by litter size and the dam BCS. Puppy growth curves and TGB% were significantly different between the two maternal groups. ADGg, ADG%, and ADGB% were significantly higher in OW dam puppies on day 2 and day 4 after birth. Puppies born heavier remained heavier, while ADG% and ADGB% were inversely related to birth weight. Litter size had no effect on these growth parameters. Swimmer puppy syndrome was observed in eight puppies from three OW dam litters. Dam BCS had no significant effect on milk macronutrients in the first 4 weeks of lactation. Discussion: In conclusion, despite the similar day-to-day neonatal body weights between the maternal groups, puppies from OW dams grew differently, gaining more weight in the first week of life. Factors other than milk macronutrient composition are likely responsible for these differences.
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