Observational studyThe Journal of infectious diseases2026
The Long-Term Effect of 2 and 3 Doses of Bivalent HPV Vaccination Against HPV Infections: A Comparison Between 2 Observational Cohort Studies.
Observational study in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Experimental Analysis of HPV16 L1/L2 Chimeric VLP Internalization by Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe assessed long-term vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 2-dose and 3-dose bivalent HPV vaccination schedules in the Netherlands against incident and persistent HPV infections. Indirect effects of the 3-dose schedule were also assessed.
methodsData from the longitudinal cohort studies HAVANA and HAVANA-2 were used. Women annually provided questionnaires and vaginal samples for HPV determination using the SPF10-DEIA-LiPA25 assay. VEs were assessed using Cox regression over 14 years (3 doses at age 14-16) and 9 years (2 doses at age 12). Changes in 3-dose VE estimates over time were tested. Indirect effects were calculated by comparing unvaccinated participants using Poisson and Cox regression.
resultsWe included 1665 HAVANA women and 2441 HAVANA-2 women. VEs against incident HPV16 and HPV18 infections for 3 doses were 74.3% (95% CI: 56.0%-85.0%) and 85.0% (76.1%-90.6%) up to 14 years, respectively, and for 2 doses 86.6% (61.6%-95.4%) and 95.9% (69.3%-99.4%) up to 9 years. For HPV31, VEs were 51.6% (32.7%-65.2%) and 58.1% (24.6%-76.7%) for 3 and 2 doses, respectively. For HPV45, VEs were 76.1% (54.6%-87.4%) and 77.7% (20.2%-93.8%). Both schedules showed high VE against persistent HPV16, HPV18, and HPV31 infections. Indirect effects among unvaccinated women were 70.1% (49.8%-82.2%) for HPV16 and 47.9% (5.0%-71.4%) for HPV18.
conclusionsWe demonstrated high VE against incident and persistent HPV16 and HPV18 infections up to 14 years after a 3-dose schedule, with no signs of waning and significant indirect effects. Comparable high VEs were found for the 2-dose schedule up to 9 years. Both schedules showed cross-protective effects against persistent HPV31 and HPV45 during prolonged follow-up.
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