Observational studyBMC infectious diseases2026
Assessment of drug therapy problems and associated factors among PLWHA and tuberculosis admitted to two referral hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia.
Observational study in BMC infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundManaging the simultaneous treatment of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis (TB) increases the risk of adverse reactions, drug interactions, and challenges to treatment adherence. To address these complexities, a multidisciplinary approach is crucial for preventing, identifying, and resolving drug therapy problems (DTPs) in these patients. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the magnitude and associated factors of DTPs in hospitalized people with tuberculosis and those living with HIV/AIDs at two referral hospitals.
methodsWe conducted a prospective observational study between January 2024 and May 2024 in the infectious diseases unit of the internal medicine department at the University Teaching Hospitals (UTHs) and Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital (LMUTH) . Cipolle’s and Strand’s DTP classification system was used to identify DTPs. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate the factors associated with drug-therapy problems.
resultsA total of 139 patients were evaluated, of whom 117 (84.2%) presented with at least one drug therapy problem, with indication and effectiveness-relate problems being the most frequent.. The most common DTP was sub-therapeutic dosing, accounting for 92 (35.7%) cases. Of these, 74 (80%) were due to Dolutegravir sub-therapeutic dose, while 18 (20%) involved anti-tuberculosis medications. Poor adherence was the second most common DTP, occurring in 51 (19.8%) cases . The physician’s acceptance rate of clinical pharmacists’ interventions was 137 (98.1%). According to the multivariable, having tertiary education (AOR = 0.084, 95% CI: 0.011–0.66, p = 0.019), being divorced/widowed (AOR = 0.21,95% CI:0.056–0.79, p = 0.021) living outside Lusaka( Capital city) (AOR = 0.23,95% CI:0.054–0.995, p = 0.049) and self-employed(AOR = 0.02,95% CI:0.006–0.65, p = 0.021) were significantly associated with lower likelihood of with DRPs while being married (IRR = 1.58,95% CI:1.17–2.14, p = 0.003) and unemployed (IRR = 1.34,95% CI:1.04–1.76, p = 0.04) were associated with a higher incidence rate of DTPs.
conclusionDrug therapy problems were highly prevalent among co-infected patients with HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, with sub-therapeutic dosing and poor adherence being the most common. The high physician acceptance rate of clinical pharmacists’ interventions underscores the value of clinical pharmacy services in optimizing patient care. These findings highlight the need to strengthen clinical pharmacy services, particularly by increasing clinical pharmacists' involvement in multidisciplinary ward rounds to reduce drug therapy problems and optimize patient care.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.