Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41851407›Full record

ArticlePharmaceutical research2026

Evaluation of Mass Spectrometry Compatible Reagents for Determining Small Molecule Loading in Poly(lactic acid) Nanoparticles.

Samuel A Krug, Andrea L Cottingham, Masahiro Iwamoto, Steven Fletcher, Ryan M Pearson, Maureen A Kane

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Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Samuel A KrugDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
Andrea L CottinghamDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
Masahiro IwamotoDepartment of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
Steven FletcherDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
Ryan M PearsonDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. rpearson@rx.umaryland.edu.
Maureen A KaneDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. mkane@rx.umaryland.edu.

Funding

Polymeric nanoassemblies for precise tuning of immune responses (Supplement for Equipment Purchase)R35GM142752 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE · PI PEARSON, RYAN MATTHEW · 2021 to 2025
$2.1M
NIGMS NIH HHS R35 GM142752NIGMS NIH HHS R35GM142752
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThe objective was to understand if sufficient base hydrolysis and subsequent small molecule quantitation within poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles (PLA-NPs) could be achieved using a mass spectrometry friendly volatile base, such as ammonium hydroxide. Additionally, we sought to evaluate the impact of NP formulation parameters on drug loading as assessed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) quantitation.

methodsA microfluidics approach was used to create a library of NPs by systematically varying flow rate ratio (FRR; 1 or 3) and surfactant composition (poly(vinyl alcohol) or poly(glutamic acid)). NPs were characterized using dynamic light scattering to determine their size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. Several hydrophobic drugs (NRX204647 and 7C, RARγ agonists; SF-7-044, p38α modulator) were tested for NP encapsulation. Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of PLA-NPs using either sodium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide was employed to release encapsulated drug, which was then quantified using LC-MS/MS.

resultsComparison of sodium hydroxide- and ammonium hydroxide-mediated base hydrolysis of PLA-NPs demonstrated that ammonium hydroxide was as effective for releasing encapsulated hydrophobic drugs for LC-MS/MS-based quantitative analysis. NP formulation parameters (FRR and surfactant chemistry) and drug physicochemical properties influenced NP characteristics and drug loading.

conclusionUsing a mass spectrometry friendly base for release of hydrophobic drugs encapsulated within PLA-NP is effective, enabling a simplified quantitative method to evaluate drug loading.

Indexed as

Drug CarriersNanoparticlesPolyestersAmmonium HydroxideHydrolysisHydrophobic and Hydrophilic InteractionsLiquid Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryPolyvinyl AlcoholSodium HydroxideSurface-Active AgentsTandem Mass SpectrometryAmmonium HydroxideDrug CarriersPolyesterspoly(lactide)Polyvinyl AlcoholSodium HydroxideSurface-Active Agentsbase hydrolysisdrug loadingmass spectrometrynanoparticlepoly(lactic acid)

Identifiers

PMID41851407

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.