Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41851326›Full record

ArticleNature2026

Global ocean heat content over the past 3 million years.

Sarah Shackleton, Valens Hishamunda, Yuzhen Yan, Austin Carter, Jacob Morgan, Jeff Severinghaus, Sarah Aarons, Julia Marks-Peterson, Jenna Epifanio, Christo Buizert and 4 more

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Sarah ShackletonDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA. sarah.shackleton@whoi.edu.ORCID 0000-0001-5927-1954
Valens HishamundaDepartment of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1043-6847
Yuzhen YanState Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
Austin CarterDepartment of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5153-2507
Jacob MorganScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Jeff SeveringhausScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Sarah AaronsScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3580-0820
Julia Marks-PetersonCollege of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.ORCID 0009-0005-5556-6348
Jenna EpifanioCollege of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0430-5720
Christo BuizertCollege of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2227-1747
Edward BrookCollege of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
Andrei V KurbatovClimate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9819-9251
Michael L BenderDepartment of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
John HigginsDepartment of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4893-4561

Funding

US National Science Foundation NSF-2019719
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The Pleistocene epoch was characterized by global cooling and an increase in the intensity and duration of glacial cycles. Regional surface and subsurface ocean temperature records follow distinct trends over this interval, suggesting dynamic changes in zonal and meridional heat transport and ocean circulation. These differing trends also complicate efforts to determine the evolution of total ocean heat content. Here we provide a record of mean ocean temperature over the past 3 million years from noble gas (Xe/Kr) measurements in shallow ice cores recovered in the Allan Hills blue ice area, Antarctica

Indexed as

Hot TemperatureOceans and SeasSeawaterAntarctic RegionsGlobal WarmingHistory, AncientIce Cover

Identifiers

PMID41851326

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.