Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41851198›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Modulation of resting macrophage activity via low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and α-lipoic acid: an in vitro study using a PCL-based biomaterial.

Anna Ścisłowska-Czarnecka, Aleksandra Matuła, Ewa Stodolak-Zych, Amelia Lizak, Joanna Homa, Beata Stenka, Magdalena Chadzinska, Aneta Bac

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Anna Ścisłowska-CzarneckaDepartment of Applied Cosmetology, University of Physical Culture, Al. Jana Pawła II 78, Kraków, 31-571, Poland. anna.scislowska@awf.krakow.pl.
Aleksandra MatułaDepartment of Applied Cosmetology, University of Physical Culture, Al. Jana Pawła II 78, Kraków, 31-571, Poland.
Ewa Stodolak-ZychFaculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland.
Amelia LizakDepartment of Applied Cosmetology, University of Physical Culture, Al. Jana Pawła II 78, Kraków, 31-571, Poland.
Joanna HomaDepartment of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
Beata StenkaDepartment of Applied Cosmetology, University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland.
Magdalena ChadzinskaDepartment of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
Aneta BacFaculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University of Physical Culture, Kraków, Poland.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Modulation of macrophage function represents a promising strategy for promoting tissue remodelling and repair. In the present study the combined effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and α-lipoic acid (LA) on resting RAW 264.7 macrophages cultured in vitro was evaluated. Cells were cultured on LA-modified poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) membranes, designed as a controlled release platform. Physicochemical analysis confirmed that LA incorporation decreased PCL crystallinity while increasing membrane surface porosity, providing a biphasic LA release profile. LLLT (808 nm, 200 mW, 5 J/cm², pulsed mode) did not affect macrophage viability but modulated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9 and 2) activity and macrophage oxidative-antioxidant potential. Cell culturing carried out on LA-modified membranes (PCL-LA) increased their viability, reduced AK and NO levels as well as TNF-α secretion. Simultaneous treatment with LLLT and LA (PCL-LA-IR) further increased macrophage viability, decreased level of MCP-1/CCL2 chemokine, and modified the presence of pro-MMP-9 as well as the activity of MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-9 dimers. Moreover, LA-treated cells showed an increase in antioxidant capacity without oxidative potential being altered. These results indicate that PCL is a stable and effective carrier of LA, and that the observed combined effect of LLLT and LA influences the activity of resting macrophages, which may promote the creation of a favourable environment for regenerative processes. These results also indicate the potential for combined therapies using immunomodulatory biomaterials that support tissue repair to be further developed.

Indexed as

Biocompatible MaterialsLow-Level Light TherapyMacrophage ActivationMacrophagesPolyestersThioctic AcidAnimalsAntioxidantsCell SurvivalChemokine CCL2Matrix Metalloproteinase 2Matrix Metalloproteinase 9MiceNitric OxideRAW 264.7 CellsTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaAntioxidantsBiocompatible MaterialsChemokine CCL2Matrix Metalloproteinase 2Matrix Metalloproteinase 9Nitric OxidepolycaprolactonePolyestersThioctic AcidTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaLLLTPCL poly(ε-caprolactone)Resting macrophagesSecretory activityViabilityα-lipoic acid (LA)

Identifiers

PMID41851198
PMCPMC13187168

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.