ArticleScientific reports2026
Development and characterization of an aloe vera-based bio-emulsifier for sustainable bio-emulsion liquid membrane systems for wastewater treatment.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Emulsion instability poses a challenge in the development of emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) systems, as coalescence and phase separation hinder their effectiveness in wastewater treatment. This study presents a bio-emulsion liquid membrane (Bio-ELM) system that uses Aloe vera leaf (AVL) extract as a natural bio-emulsifier. AVL extract was characterized using HPLC and GC-MS, confirming the presence of amphiphilic bioactive compounds that reduce interfacial tension and form uniform nanoscale droplets. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the bio-emulsifier was 2% v/v, which corresponded to a surface tension of 18 mN/m. Bio-ELM exhibited droplet sizes of 50-200 nm, shear-thinning behavior verified by rheological analysis, and FTIR evidence indicating bio-emulsifier incorporation into the membrane phase. Optimization studies identified the optimal conditions as a bio-emulsifier concentration of 2.5% v/v, stirring speed of 800 rpm, internal phase concentration of 0.25 M, pH 8, and membrane-to-internal phase ratio of 1:1.5. Under these conditions, Bio-ELM achieved a 98% extraction efficiency for methylene blue dye from a synthetic aqueous solution. Dimensionless numbers (Capillary, Bond, and Marangoni numbers) provide insights into the balance of viscous, interfacial, and elastic forces governing emulsion stability. Stability assessments showed that the Bio-ELM maintained structural integrity and performance for up to 15 days. This study demonstrates the potential of an Aloe vera-derived bio-emulsifier to address emulsion instability, offering a sustainable alternative for environmental remediation using Bio-ELM technology.
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