Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41851155›Full record

ArticleNature communications2026

A bioinspired microdevice unifying energy storage and actuation through hydration control.

Wenlan Zhang, Leandro Merces, Jiachen Ma, Christian Becker, Daniil Karnaushenko, Hongmei Tang, Jiang Qu, Letícia Mariê Minatogau Ferro, Yang Huang, Yaping Yan and 6 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Wenlan ZhangMaterial Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0007-9733-8081
Leandro MercesMaterial Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6202-9824
Jiachen MaMaterial Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5553-2464
Christian BeckerMaterial Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany.
Daniil KarnaushenkoMaterial Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3127-1527
Hongmei TangMaterial Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany.
Jiang QuLeibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Dresden, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8477-3072
Letícia Mariê Minatogau FerroMaterial Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2701-618X
Yang HuangAdvanced Materials Thrust, Function Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.
Yaping YanMaterial Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany.
Yeji LeeMaterial Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany.
Vineeth K BandariMaterial Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany.
Dmitriy D KarnaushenkoMaterial Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany.
Aleksandr I EgunovMaterial Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7077-8817
Minshen ZhuMaterial Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany. minshen.zhu@main.tu-chemnitz.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5883-4962
Oliver G SchmidtMaterial Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany. oliver.schmidt@main.tu-chemnitz.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9503-8367

Funding

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) ZH 989/2-1EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council) 101039802
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Biological systems seamlessly integrate energy storage and actuation within compact architectures, whereas synthetic approaches largely implement these functions as separate components. Conjugated polymers can couple both, yet their operation relies on ion insertion accompanied by hydration water within the polymer backbone, creating an intrinsic trade-off between performance and stability. Here we show that anion hydration governs this trade-off. In-operando Raman spectroscopy and time-resolved mass measurements reveal that reducing anion hydration suppresses water ingress, mitigates backbone degradation and converts the polymer response from a two-step swelling process into a single, rapid volumetric relaxation. Leveraging this principle, we realize a sub-millimetre monolithic device that integrates energy storage and actuation within a 0.56 mm

Identifiers

PMID41851155
PMCPMC13004996

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.