Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41849399›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2026

Sleep alters neurovascular and hydrodynamic coupling in the human brain.

Tommi Väyrynen, Johanna Tuunanen, Heta Helakari, Ahmed Elabasy, Vesa Korhonen, Niko Huotari, Johanna Piispala, Mika Kallio, Maiken Nedergaard, Vesa Kiviniemi

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. A conversation on human brain clearance.Nature communications · 2026
    Article
  2. Review
  3. Infra-slow (<0.1 Hz) Modulation of Human Brain Pulsations in Awake and Sleep States.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Tommi VäyrynenOulu Functional NeuroImaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.ORCID 0000-0003-4123-5917
Johanna TuunanenOulu Functional NeuroImaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.ORCID 0000-0002-3065-8124
Heta HelakariOulu Functional NeuroImaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.ORCID 0000-0002-4354-4687
Ahmed ElabasyOulu Functional NeuroImaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.ORCID 0000-0001-9693-8965
Vesa KorhonenOulu Functional NeuroImaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.ORCID 0000-0001-9403-4583
Niko HuotariOulu Functional NeuroImaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.ORCID 0000-0001-5522-8334
Johanna PiispalaClinical Neurophysiology, Diagnostics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland.
Mika KallioClinical Neurophysiology, Diagnostics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland.ORCID 0000-0002-7908-9823
Maiken NedergaardCenter for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.ORCID 0000-0001-6502-6031
Vesa KiviniemiOulu Functional NeuroImaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.ORCID 0000-0003-0184-8524

Funding

Emil Aaltosen Säätiö (Emil Aaltonen Foundation)Instrumentariumin Tiedesäätiö (tiedesaatio)Jane ja Aatos Erkon Säätiö (J&AE) 1 210043Pohjois-Suomen Terveydenhuollon Tukisäätiö (Pohjois Suomen Terveydenhuollon Tukisäätiö)Tutkijakoulu, Oulun Yliopiston (UniOGS)
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Sleep is essential for maintaining brain tissue homeostasis, which is facilitated by enhanced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) solute transport. Infraslow (<0.1 Hz) vasomotion, CSF flow, and electrophysiological potential all increase during sleep, but their contributions as potential drivers of CSF flow in human brain remain unknown. To investigate this, we measured these signals in healthy volunteers across sleep-wake states using functional MRI blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD), electroencephalography, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy. We then studied the directed coupling patterns between the three signals, using phase transfer entropy. In the awake state, electrophysiological potential and water concentration changes both predicted hemodynamic BOLD changes across whole brain, reflecting classical functional hyperemia. During sleep, these interactions changed such that the net directionality was lost and the interactions became more bidirectional. Our results show that in addition to neural changes during sleep, nonneural processes such as vasomotor-driven hydrodynamic waves start to gain more impact on human brain activity.

Indexed as

BrainNeurovascular CouplingSleepAdultElectroencephalographyFemaleHumansHydrodynamicsMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleOxygenSpectroscopy, Near-InfraredWakefulnessYoung AdultOxygencerebrospinal fluidelectrophysiologyfMRI BOLDfNIRSsleep

Identifiers

PMID41849399
PMCPMC13012097

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.