Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41849193›Full record

SynthesisHuman factors2026

Cognitive Load Measurement Methods for Usability Testing: A Critical Analysis and Framework for Interface Evaluation.

Ali Darejeh, Nadine Marcus, Gelareh Mohammadi, John Sweller

Abstract readSystematic Review
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Human factors, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Ali DarejehSchool of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
Nadine MarcusSchool of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
Gelareh MohammadiSchool of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
John SwellerSchool of Education, Faculty of Arts, Design and Architecture, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

ObjectiveThis systematic review evaluates the use of cognitive load measurement methods in usability testing across diverse software interfaces. It provides guidance for researchers and practitioners by proposing a framework for selecting appropriate cognitive load measurement techniques.BackgroundCognitive Load Theory offers insights into software usability by addressing users' mental effort during task performance. Although cognitive load measurement methods are increasingly used in usability testing, no comprehensive analysis has focused specifically on various software interfaces.MethodWe systematically analysed 87 experimental studies published between 2001 and 2025. Databases searched included IEEE, ACM, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Scopus. Inclusion criteria focused on studies applying cognitive load measurement to usability testing for different types of software interfaces.ResultsCognitive load measurement methods were categorised as subjective (e.g., NASA-TLX and self-reports) or objective (e.g., EEG, eye-tracking, dual-task paradigms, and physiological sensors). The most frequently used methods were performance measures (19%), NASA-TLX (12%), and eye fixations (11%). Commonly evaluated platforms included websites, virtual reality systems, and productivity tools. Each method's applicability, strengths, and limitations were identified.ConclusionThe review synthesises the relative merits of cognitive load measurement methods in usability evaluations and introduces a framework to guide the selection of techniques based on interface type and evaluation goals.ApplicationThe proposed framework operationalises CLT to support targeted, user-centred usability testing. It facilitates the selection of effective cognitive load measurement strategies, enhancing evaluation accuracy and informing better software design.

Indexed as

CognitionSoftwareTask Performance and AnalysisUser-Computer InterfaceDual-Task TestsHumanscognitive load measurementcognitive load theorydual-task paradigmEEGeye trackinghuman–computer interactionNASA-TLXperformance metricsusability testinguser interface evaluation

Identifiers

PMID41849193
PMCPMC13219774

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.