ReviewVeterinary research communications2026
Ecotoxicological effects of lead in ducks and geese.
Review in Veterinary research communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Lead (Pb) exposure remains a critical threat to waterfowl health and conservation. This review synthesizes findings from studies published between 2015 and 2025 on Pb toxicity in geese and ducks across North America, Europe, and Asia. Ingestion of spent ammunition and Pb-contaminated sediments were identified as the predominant exposure pathways. Species-specific susceptibility was evident, with diving ducks and some geese showing higher rates of Pb shot ingestion, although all waterfowl are at risk. Acute toxicity manifested as direct mortality, emaciation, neurological disorders, and organ necrosis, while sub-lethal effects included anemia, immune suppression, impaired reproduction, altered lipid metabolism, and damage to kidneys, liver, and gut microbiota. Quantitative assessments revealed elevated Pb residues in liver, kidney, bone, blood, and feathers, with some exceeding established toxicity thresholds. Despite regional bans on Pb ammunition, legacy contamination persists in wetlands. Continued surveillance, effective policy enforcement, and mitigation strategies are essential to reduce Pb burdens in waterfowl and safeguard ecological and public health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.