ArticleEnvironmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.)2026
Associations of mid-childhood per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and early childhood metals with mid-childhood antibody titers.
Article in Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Associations of prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and childhood vaccine-induced immunity.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and nonessential metals impair immune responses, while essential metals promote immune maintenance. We evaluated associations of childhood PFAS and metal mixtures with measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), pertussis, diphtheria, and tetanus antibody titers. Methods: We measured mid-childhood (age 7.7 years, interquartile range 7.4, 8.4) plasma PFAS (perfluorooctanoate, perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorodecanoate, perfluorohexane sulfonate, 2-(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamide) acetate, and perfluorononanoate) and early childhood (3.2 years, interquartile range 3.0, 3.5) blood levels of nonessential (arsenic, barium, cadmium, cesium, lead, mercury, strontium, and tin), and essential (cobalt, copper, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc) metals in children from the Project Viva cohort, recruited prenatally between 1999 and 2000 in Massachusetts, United States. We measured plasma MMR, pertussis, diphtheria, and tetanus titers, and the analytical sample of children with all measurements ranged from n = 493-507 for PFAS and n = 179-185 for metals analyses. We used adjusted quantile g-computation and regression models to estimate mixture- and individual PFAS or metal associations, respectively. Results: Approximately 48% of the children were female, and children received their last MMR or diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis vaccination dose about 3 years before blood antibody titer collection. Contrary to our hypothesis, a one-quartile increase in the mid-childhood PFAS mixture was associated with higher mid-childhood measles [β = 0.06 antibody (Ab) index, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.02, 0.1], rubella (β = 2.6 IU/mL, 95% CI: 0.5, 4.8), pertussis (log-β = 0.2 IU/mL, 95% CI: 0.2, 0.5), and tetanus (log-β = 0.2 IU/mL, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.4) antibody titers. A one-quartile increase in the early childhood essential metals mixture was associated with lower mid-childhood rubella antibody titers (β = -4.9 IU/mL, 95% CI: -9.0, -0.8). Individual PFAS and metals were associated with pertussis, diphtheria, and tetanus antibody titers in directions contrary to our initial hypotheses. Conclusions: Our results suggest that mid-childhood blood PFAS and early childhood metals may influence antibody titers, although additional prospective studies are needed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.