ArticleJournal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open2026
Assessment of a County-Wide, Pan-First Responder Take-Home Naloxone Program in Denver, Colorado.
Article in Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility and geospatial distribution of a county-wide pan-first responder leave-behind naloxone program implemented across emergency medical services (EMS), police, fire, and a community response mobile crisis unit. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of leave-behind naloxone kits distributed in Denver, Colorado, from April 26, 2024, through April 25, 2025. Trained first responders ( Results: Over the 12-month period, there were 1020 interactions during which responders distributed 2438 naloxone kits. Paramedics accounted for 1407 kits (57.7%), the mobile crisis unit for 642 (26.3%), police for 336 (13.8%), and fire for 53 (2.2%). In many interactions, the kit recipient declined transport, particularly in the mobile crisis unit and EMS cohorts. Geospatial analysis identified 24 hotspots, of which 23 were within feasible walking distance of bus or light-rail stops. These findings suggest that leave-behind naloxone distributions cluster around transportation hubs in Denver. Conclusion: A pan-first-responder leave-behind naloxone program is feasible at the county level, with most kits distributed by paramedics and a mobile crisis unit program. Hotspot analysis highlighted transit-adjacent clusters, informing potential sites for prestationed naloxone. Cross-agency collaboration combined with geospatial targeting may rapidly saturate high-risk settings with naloxone.
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Registered trials
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