Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41846899›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in medicine2026

Multimodal imaging features of non-proliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy based on SD-OCT and fundus autofluorescence.

Zixun Wang, Chenxi Ji, Xiaoxue Hu, Tingyu Zhang, Tingxi Liu, Xiaoling Zhang, Yuhang Wang, Zhiqing Li, Xiuhong Qin, Ming Sun

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Zixun Wang *Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
Chenxi Ji *The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
Xiaoxue Hu *Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
Tingyu ZhangTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
Tingxi LiuThe First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
Xiaoling ZhangHandan Eye Hospital (The Third Hospital of Handan), Hebei, China.
Yuhang WangTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
Zhiqing Li *Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
Xiuhong Qin *The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
Ming Sun *Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Purpose: To characterize and compare multimodal imaging features of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and fundus autofluorescence (FAF). Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included 132 patients (219 eyes) with DR (120 NPDR eyes and 99 PDR eyes) and 73 healthy controls (129 eyes). All participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations, including fundus photography, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), FAF, and SD-OCT. OCT biomarkers, including hyperreflective foci (HRF), intraretinal cystic cavities (IRC), diabetic macular edema (DME), disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL), epiretinal membrane (ERM), posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), subretinal fluid (SRF), and disruption of the external limiting membrane (ELM) and ellipsoid zone (EZ) were systematically evaluated and compared between groups. Results: Hyperreflective foci, IRC, DME, PVD, and ERM were significantly more frequent in PDR eyes than in NPDR eyes (all Conclusion: Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and FAF provide complementary information for evaluating structural and functional retinal alterations in DR. FAF is particularly useful for visualizing hemorrhage, DME, and fibroproliferative membranes. In contrast, SD-OCT enables detailed assessment of multiple retinal biomarkers. The high prevalence of epiretinal membranes highlights their potential role in DR progression.

Indexed as

diabetic retinopathyfundus autofluorescenceimaging biomarkersmacular edemaoptical coherence tomography

Identifiers

PMID41846899
PMCPMC12989363

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