ArticleBMC public health2026
Multilevel modeling and mediation analysis of acute respiratory infections among under five children in Bangladesh: evidence from multiple indicator cluster survey.
Article in BMC public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundAcute respiratory infection (ARI) is a major health problem in Bangladesh but limited evidence exists on its prevalence, determinants, and mediating factors among under-five children using nationally representative data.
methodsUsing data from the 2019 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), this study analyzed ARI prevalence among 24,686 children aged 0–59 months (under five years). Multilevel logistic regression was employed to identify ARI determinants while accounting for the hierarchical data structure. Furthermore, mediation analysis was conducted to evaluate the mediating roles of maternal education, stunting, and kitchen location in the association between the wealth index and ARI.
resultsThe prevalence of ARI was 7.54%. The mean age of the children was 2.02 years (SD: 1.42 years), and among respondents 51.5% were male and 48.5% were female. The prevalence of ARI was higher among male (56.3%) children than female (43.7%) children. Chi-square tests showed that gender, age, parental age, wealth index, kitchen location, and stunting were significantly associated with ARI (p < 0.05). Multilevel logistic regression revealed that females (AOR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.72–0.88) and older children aged 24–59 months (AOR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.55–0.68) had significantly lower ARI risk. Conversely, separate (AOR: 1.28) or outdoor kitchens (AOR: 1.22) and stunting (AOR: 1.19) were associated with increased risk. Compared to Barishal, the ARI risk was lower in Dhaka (AOR: 0.54) but higher in Mymensingh (AOR: 1.87). Mediation analysis showed that kitchen location (30.5%) and stunting (14.7%) mediated the relationship between the wealth index and ARI prevalence.
conclusionIn addition to treatment, nutrition improvement, safe cooking environment, and regional planning are essential. Promoting and strengthening health education could further help in reducing ARI. These interventions are also aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3: good health and well-being), and could contribute to achieving national and global health targets.
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