Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41844915›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Population-attributable burden of modifiable risk factors for depression and anxiety among reproductive-age women in Nepal.

Santosh Giri, Nancy Ross, Rachel Kornhaber, Allen G Ross, Kedir Y Ahmed, Pushpanjali Adhikari, M Mamun Huda, Anayochukwu E Anyasodor, Feleke H Astawesegn, Shakeel Mahmood and 1 more

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Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Santosh GiriRural Health Research Institute (RHRI), Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia. sgiri@csu.edu.au.
Nancy RossSchool of Social Work, Dalhousie University, K'jipuktuk Halifax, NS, Canada.
Rachel KornhaberSchool of Health, University of Armidale, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
Allen G RossCollege of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
Kedir Y AhmedRural Health Research Institute (RHRI), Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia.
Pushpanjali AdhikariCommunity Medicine Department, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), Dhulikhel, Kavrepalanchowk, Nepal.
M Mamun HudaRural Health Research Institute (RHRI), Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia.
Anayochukwu E AnyasodorRural Health Research Institute (RHRI), Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia.
Feleke H AstawesegnRural Health Research Institute (RHRI), Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia.
Shakeel MahmoodRural Health Research Institute (RHRI), Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia.
Subash ThapaRural Health Research Institute (RHRI), Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Identifying the critical modifiable risk factors for anxiety and depression is crucial for reducing the increasing burden of mental illness among reproductive-aged women 15-49 years in Nepal. We investigated Population Attributable Fractions (PAFs) of generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors among reproductive-age women. This cross-sectional study analysed the data from the Nepal Demographic Health Survey in 2022. Multilevel logistic regression analyses determined odds ratio (ORs) for risk factors associated with depression and anxiety. PAFs adjusted for communality were calculated using adjusted ORs and prevalence estimates for each risk factor. This study included a weighted sample of 7,410 women, with a mean age of 30 (± 10) years. Highest PAFs of depression were associated with women who experienced emotional abuse (PAF: 18.2%; 95%CI: 15.4-20.2), physical violence (PAF: 12.1%; 95%CI: 5.1-16.7), and sexual abuse (PAF: 9.0%; 95%CI: 5.9-11.5), functional difficulty (PAF: 6.9%; 95%CI: 2.8-10.1) and food insecurity (PAF: 6.6%; 95%CI: 4.4-8.4). These five potentially modifiable risk factors accounted for 52.8% (95%CI: 33.7-67.0) of depression cases. Highest PAFs for anxiety were associated with women who experienced emotional abuse (PAF: 10.8%; 95%CI: 8.7-12.7), functional impairment (PAF: 7.8%; 95%CI: 5.7-9.6), physical violence (PAF: 7.8%; 95%CI: 4.4-10.6), sexual abuse (PAF: 5.6%; 95%CI: 3.9-7.3), and food insecurity (PAF: 3.7%; 95%CI: 2.4-4.9). These five potentially modifiable risk factors accounted for 35.7% (95%CI: 25.2-45.1) of anxiety cases. The results of this study highlight the necessity of targeted strategies at the community and household levels to address violence against women. Couple-based approaches involving men are particularly relevant to break the cycle of intergenerational violence and fostering environments conducive for better mental health.

Indexed as

AnxietyDepressionMajor Depressive DisorderAdolescentAdultCross-Sectional StudiesEmotional AbuseFemaleGeneralized Anxiety DisorderHumansMiddle AgedNepalOdds RatioPrevalenceRisk FactorsSex OffensesEmotional abuseGeneralized anxiety disorderMajor depressive disorderPopulation attributable fractionSexual abuseViolence against women

Identifiers

PMID41844915
PMCPMC13129070

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.