ArticleScientific reports2026
Distribution of extended red blood cell phenotypes among blood donors: experience from a low- and middle-income country.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although information on minor blood group antigen frequencies is limited in many low- and middle-income countries, extended red blood cell (RBC) phenotyping is crucial for reducing alloimmunization in patients undergoing chronic transfusions. This study aimed to characterize the distribution of extended red blood cell antigens across multiple clinically significant blood group systems among blood donors in a low- and middle-income country to inform transfusion strategies. Between April and September 2024, we carried out a cross-sectional pilot study involving 200 healthy blood donors recruited from five blood banks in a low- and middle-income country. In accordance with the AABB guidelines, the antigen frequencies for the Kell (K, k, Kpa, Kpb), Duffy (Fya, Fyb), Kidd (Jka, Jkb), MNS (M, N, S, s), Lewis (Lea, Leb), Lutheran (Lua, Lub), and P1 systems were determined via manual tube agglutination. Lutheran and Lewis systems were examined in randomly chosen subgroups (n = 120 and n = 110, respectively) due to resource scarcity. Phenotype match probabilities were calculated as Σ(pi2) and compared with published population data using chi-square tests with Bonferroni correction. The following unique antigen distributions were found: S (88.5%, 83.4–92.4), Jka (72.5%, 65.8–78.3), P1 (70.5%, 63.9–76.4), K (7.0%, 95% CI: 4.2–11.3), and k (97.0%, 93.8–98.9). Significant gene flow from Africa was demonstrated by the 17.5% (12.8–23.4) that had the Fy(a − b−) null phenotype. There were differences in phenotype matching within the population, ranging from 28.2% (Kidd) to 66.7% (Lutheran). The highest cross-population compatibility was found with African donors for Duffy (29.6%) and P1 (67.3%) and Israeli donors for Kidd (43.7%). Importantly, Duffy’s compatibility with Asian people was only 10.9%, meaning that using Asian donors would result in a 90% sensitization risk. These pilot results show that Palestinians have unique RBC antigen patterns that call for transfusion techniques tailored to their demographics. The results encourage the introduction of extended phenotyping in tiers, starting with the Kell, Duffy, and Kidd systems, and the creation of a national phenotyped donor registry (achievable within 2–3 years given 35,000 annual donations). However, before policy is mandated, further extensive molecularly validated investigations involving Gaza and Jerusalem are needed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.