Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41844699›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Sustainable assessment of process-reinforcement interaction effects on mechanical strength of FSW Al 7475 hybrid composites.

Indira Benjeer Budavarthi, Kaladari Adarsha Kumar, Abdulrahman S Sait, Fahad A Alhujaili, Mohammad S Alomar, Vijayakumar Sivasundar, Hari Prasadarao Pydi, N Dhasarathan

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Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Indira Benjeer BudavarthiDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, GITAM School of Technology, Visakhapatnam, India.
Kaladari Adarsha KumarDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, GITAM School of Technology, Visakhapatnam, India.
Abdulrahman S SaitDepartment of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Yanbu Industrial College, Yanbu Alsinayiah, 46451, Saudi Arabia.
Fahad A AlhujailiDepartment of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Yanbu Industrial College, Yanbu Alsinayiah, 46451, Saudi Arabia.
Mohammad S AlomarDepartment of Chemical Engineering Technology, College of Applied Industrial Technology (CAIT), Jazan University, Baysh, 45142, Saudi Arabia.
Vijayakumar SivasundarDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India.
Hari Prasadarao PydiDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Bule Hora University, Hagere Maryam, Ethiopia. hari.pydi@bhu.edu.et.
N DhasarathanDepartment of ECE, Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering, 562157, Bengaluru, India.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This paper focused to enhance the mechanical and microstructural properties of Al 7475 alloy by incorporating Si₃N₄/TiO2 hybrid ceramic particles in developing composites through Friction Stir Welding (FSW). Tool rotational speed (TR), Plunging Force (PF), Travel Speed (TS) and Si₃N₄/TiO2 ratio (RE) were found to be the four key process parameters. The UTS and BHN of Al 7475 surface composite improved significantly, due to the very fine grains and the enhanced interfacial adhesion between Si₃N₄/TiO₂ (RE). The SEM analysis of the fracture surface showed a uniform distribution of fine and deep dimples, indicating that a ductile mode fracture along with high-level metallurgical interaction with minimal void formation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results showed that the Si₃N₄/TiO₂ was highly significant on UTS, with also significant interactive (TR*RE, PF*RE) and quadratic effects (TR², RE²). The composite desirability function (CDF) and Response Surface Methodology with Box-Behnken design (RSM–BBD) optimization was observed between predicted and experimental values. The optimal UTS of 512.36 MPa and hardness of 142.76 Hv was obtained by CDF, whereas the RSM–BBD achieved a slightly higher UTS of 517.95 MPa and hardness of 138.41 Hv. Overall, the developed FSW-based hybrid reinforcing technique is an environmentally friendly, energy-saving and low-cost approach for manufacturing high-performance aluminium surface composites. This concept can be simply adapted for aerospace, automotive and defence industry to enhance the service life of the component, decrease material wastage and enhance mechanical reliability in high operating conditions.

Indexed as

Composite desirability functionFriction stir processOptimization techniquesRSM-based optimisation and sustainable productionSi3N4/TiO2 reinforcement

Identifiers

PMID41844699
PMCPMC13133181

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