ArticleEnvironmental science and pollution research international2026
Urban waste to construction material: Casuarina equisetifolia cone ash in coating mortars.
Article in Environmental science and pollution research international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study investigates the potential use of Casuarina equisetifolia cone bottom ash (CC-BA) as an additional material in rendering mortars for wall and ceiling applications. A bibliometric analysis revealed a significant lack of research on the topic. Casuarina cones, widely dispersed in urban areas, pose a public maintenance burden but can be used as fuel, producing ash with potential applications in construction. Mortars were prepared with a 1:6 cement-to-sand ratio, incorporating 5 to 25% CC-BA by weight relative to the mass of cement, in addition to a reference mix (CPII-00). The materials underwent physical, chemical, and microstructural characterizations. Fresh-state testing indicated satisfactory workability up to 15% CC-BA, with CPII-10 yielding the best results. All compositions met the consistency index requirements, although water demand increased with higher CC-BA content. Calorimetry results highlighted CPII-05 and CPII-15 as thermally satisfactory, indicating accelerated hydration kinetics. Air content decreased with CC-BA addition, suggesting a filler effect. After 28 days, mechanical strength remained favorable up to CPII-15. Water absorption and void index increased with 20-25% CC-BA, while lower contents showed comparable or improved values relative to CPII-00. Microstructural analysis, particularly via micro-computed tomography (μ-CT), confirmed the filler effects of CC-BA, enhancing performance up to CPII-15. Overall, CPII-10 demonstrated the most promising balance of properties, with CPII-15 also suitable for the proposed applications.
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