ArticlePlant cell reports2026
Adaptive strategies of halophytes to saline and freshwater drip irrigation: a focus on transcription factors and metabolic pathways.
Article in Plant cell reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Soil salinization poses a significant challenge to sustainable global agriculture. While saline water drip irrigation is a promising solution to freshwater scarcity, its broader implementation is constrained by the salt tolerance of most plants. Halophytes-plants naturally adapted to saline environments-offer valuable insights into mechanisms of salt stress tolerance. This study systematically investigated the root-level molecular responses of three halophytic species, Haloxylon ammodendron (H. ammodendron), Tamarix chinensis (T. chinensis), and Phragmites australis (P. australis), under saline and freshwater drip irrigation using transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Both irrigation methods reduced soil salinity in the rhizosphere, but ion dynamics triggered species-specific responses. Under saline irrigation, H. ammodendron activated genes related to ion transport and photosynthesis, with transcription factors (TFs) such as FAR1 and bHLH showing strong co-expression associations with genes involved in isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis to enhance antioxidative capacity. In T. chinensis, WRKY and MYB TFs were strongly associated with phenylpropanoid-related gene expression patterns and cofactor biosynthesis to bolster secondary metabolism and photosynthetic efficiency. Conversely, P. australis downregulated AP2/ERF and NAC TFs exhibited coordinated expression patterns with linoleic acid metabolism-related genes and cell wall architecture, ultimately enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. Freshwater irrigation revealed distinct regulatory strategies: H. ammodendron prioritized molybdenum cofactor metabolism and terpenoid biosynthesis; T. chinensis activated chitin and brassinosteroid pathways; and P. australis enhanced MAPK signaling and hydrogen peroxide metabolism. Overall, H. ammodendron maintained ion homeostasis and photoprotection, T. chinensis emphasized secondary metabolism and redox balance, while P. australis focused on membrane lipid remodeling and structural regulation. These findings highlight precise molecular pathways for improving salt tolerance and provide a basis for leveraging halophytic traits in agricultural innovation and ecological restoration of saline soils.
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