Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41840668›Full record

ArticleBiology direct2026

Nano gold-loaded Nannochloropsis oculata attenuates fluoride-induced neural and hepatorenal toxicity by modulating the Nrf2/NF-κB axis and aquaporins.

Kholoud K Emam, Obeid Shanab, Nuha Anajirih, Samir M El-Rayes, Afaf Abdelkader, Tabinda Hasan, Abulmaaty M Elsayed, Eman E ELwakeel, Enas M Kasem, Heba M Abdelkareem and 6 more

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Article in Biology direct, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Kholoud K Emam *Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
Obeid Shanab *Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Qena University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
Nuha AnajirihDepartment of Medical Emergency Services, College of Al-Qunfudah Health Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Qunfudah, Makkah, 21912, Saudi Arabia.
Samir M El-RayesDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
Afaf AbdelkaderDepartment of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt.
Tabinda HasanDepartment of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia. thasan@pnu.edu.sa.
Abulmaaty M ElsayedDepartment of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Mutah, 61710, Jordan.
Eman E ELwakeelDepartment of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt.
Enas M KasemDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt.
Heba M AbdelkareemDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.
Mustafa ShukryDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
Samah F IbrahimDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia.
Eman M El NasharDepartment of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia.
Areej M AlshehriDepartment of Clinical Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Ahmad F RawanPre-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nangarhar University, Nangarhar, 2603, Afghanistan. afaridrawan@gmail.com.
Ahmed AbdeenDepartment of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, 13736, Egypt. ahmed.abdeen@fvtm.bu.edu.eg.

Funding

Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University RGP2/536/46
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSodium fluoride (F) is ubiquitously present in the environment and affects animals’ and humans’ health. Nannochloropsis oculata (NO) is a microalga that contains bioactive components with a preferential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action. This study aimed to assess the tenable protective role of NO and nano-gold (AuNO) extracts toward F-evoked toxicity in rats.

methodsSix groups of male rats were assigned. The CTL (control) group was given distilled water; the NO group, rats were given NO extract (250 mg/kg b.w.), and AuNO group, rats received 500 mg/kg b.w of AuNO extract. Further, F group was given F (30 mg/kg b.w). NO + F group, and AuNO + F rats were administered with a combination of AuNO and F.

resultsF exposure caused noteworthy and significant oxidative stress and apoptosis. Additionally, there is a highly significant major regulation of proinflammatory genes and proteins. Furthermore, F significantly downregulated the kidney’s aquaporins, which can be used to identify renal impairment early. F-triggered damage was considerably reduced by pretreatment with both algal extracts.

conclusionsOur findings support NO supplementation as it exerts alleviating effects against F-prompted toxicity, including the restoration of AQPs expression. The effects were more pronounced with AuNO treatment, suggesting its enhanced protective potential.

Indexed as

AquaporinsFluoridesGoldMetal NanoparticlesMicroalgaeNF-E2-Related Factor 2NF-kappa BSodium FluorideStramenopilesAnimalsKidneyMaleOxidative StressRatsAquaporinsFluoridesGoldNfe2l2 protein, ratNF-E2-Related Factor 2NF-kappa BSodium FluorideAntioxidantDietary supplementsFree radicalsMicroalgaeNeurodegenerationNutraceuticalsOxidative stress

Identifiers

PMID41840668
PMCPMC13113486

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.