ArticleBMC infectious diseases2026
Mucosal antibody and cytokine responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concerns.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA thorough understanding of the host immune response, especially at the mucosal level, is essential for effectively controlling SARS-CoV-2. However, the understanding of mucosal immune responses to COVID-19 is limited. Enhanced understanding of mucosal immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection is needed for the development of new-generation mucosal COVID-19 vaccines.
methodsVarious antibody and cytokine responses in nasopharyngeal specimens of 30 healthy individuals, 30 Delta (B.1.617.2) COVID-19 patients, and 30 Omicron BA.1 (B.1.1.529) COVID-19 patients were investigated.
resultsThere was no significant difference in mucosal antibody responses between healthy vaccinated participants and infection groups except significant higher IgG level in the healthy vaccinated group compared to the Omicron BA.1 infected group. However, the mucosal cytokine patterns were different between the infected and healthy groups. Patients infected with the Delta variant exhibited a higher trend in cytokine responses, especially from interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, when compared to those infected with the Omicron BA.1 variant.
conclusionsThe Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 triggered significantly stronger mucosal cytokine responses when compared to both the Omicron BA.1 variant and healthy groups. More studies regarding the mucosal immunity of COVID-19 are required to enhance further understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and vaccine development.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.