Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41840357›Full record

Observational studyNursing open2026

The Impact of Social Media Addiction on Vaccine Hesitancy Among Nursing Students: Testing an Empirical Model.

Bethany Nichol, Goran Erfani, Jemma McCready, Charlotte Gordon, John Unsworth, Michelle Croston, Dania Comparcini, Valentina Simonetti, Giancarlo Cicolini, Kristina Mikkonen and 2 more

Abstract readObservational Study
In one paragraph

Observational study in Nursing open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Bethany NicholSchool of Healthcare and Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7642-1448
Goran ErfaniSchool of Healthcare and Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8135-2846
Jemma McCreadySchool of Healthcare and Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9997-6956
Charlotte GordonSchool of Healthcare and Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1659-155X
John UnsworthSchool of Healthcare and Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4150-6513
Michelle CrostonManchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5479-9853
Dania ComparciniInterdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3622-6370
Valentina SimonettiDepartment of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, "Gabriele D'Annunzio" University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7185-4850
Giancarlo CicoliniDepartment of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, "Gabriele D'Annunzio" University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2736-1792
Kristina MikkonenSchool of Healthcare and Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4355-3428
Jeremia KeisalaResearch Unit of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Marco TomiettoSchool of Healthcare and Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3813-1490

Funding

Northumbria UniversitySigma Theta Tau International
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionVaccine hesitancy is relevant among nursing students, as they move across healthcare and university settings. Given the opportunity of social media to disseminate misleading information to users and the exposure of the digital natives, social media addiction (SMA) is considered a predictor of vaccine hesitancy, although to date no research within this specific population exists. PURPOSE: To investigate the role of SMA on vaccine hesitancy in nursing students.

designCross-sectional.

methodStructural Equation Modelling was adopted to test the study's aim. The VAX scale was used among 227 nursing students in the UK regarding COVID-19 and Influenza vaccines during the period from March to July 2023. The Bergen Social Media Addiction scale was adopted to measure SMA.

resultsStatistically significant results were found between SMA and mistrust of vaccine benefits. No significant correlations were found between SMA and concerns about unforeseen future effects or a preference for natural immunity. Regarding concerns about commercial profiteering, there was a significant negative correlation for the COVID-19 vaccine.

conclusionMistrust in institutions and scepticism towards vaccine benefits and commercial interests are recurring issues tied to social media. Targeting popular social media platforms for tailored vaccination campaigns is recommended to promote vaccine acceptance among nursing students. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE: Providing accurate and accessible vaccine information on social media platforms, promoting media literacy and engaging with individuals to address their concerns are key to promoting vaccination among nursing students. IMPACT: This study provides new strategies for tailoring vaccination campaigns and policies. Public health efforts to combat vaccine hesitancy should consider the role of social media and work to provide accurate and balanced information to the public. REPORTING

methodThe Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were adopted. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution.

Indexed as

Social MediaStudents, NursingVaccination HesitancyAdultCOVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansInfluenza VaccinesMaleMedia ExposureUnited KingdomYoung AdultCOVID-19 VaccinesInfluenza Vaccinesinformationnursing studentspublic healthsocial mediavaccine hesitancy

Identifiers

PMID41840357
PMCPMC13097686

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.