ArticleScientific reports2026
Physiological medium and 3-hydroxybutyrate modulate autophagy-linked organelle remodeling in human external urethral sphincter myoblasts.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
Autophagy-linked organelle remodeling is essential for skeletal muscle differentiation and is closely linked to the metabolic environment. The ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) serves as an alternative energy substrate and signaling molecule that modulates organelle function and myogenic programs. This study investigated how extracellular metabolic conditions and 3HB regulate autophagy-linked organelle remodeling in human external urethral sphincter (hEUS) myoblasts. Immortalized hEUS myoblasts (US2-KD) were differentiated under four conditions combining high-glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (HG-DMEM) or low-glucose physiologically formulated minimum essential medium (LG-MEM) with or without 3HB. Metabolomic profiling revealed that the medium composition predominantly shaped energy and amino acid pathways, whereas 3HB induced subtler, context-dependent shifts in metabolites related to autophagy and mitochondrial function. At the cellular level, LG-MEM accelerated myogenic differentiation compared to HG-DMEM, with earlier induction of MYOG and MYH7 and faster maturation of myotubes. LG-MEM also altered LC3B expression patterns, while transmission electron microscopy showed fewer excess autophagosomes and autolysosomes along with more prominent myofibril-like ultrastructure, consistent with more efficient autophagic activity and organelle remodeling. These findings suggest that a physiological metabolic environment facilitates autophagy-linked organelle remodeling in hEUS myoblasts and that 3HB acts as a fine-tuning signal, potentially supporting metabolism-oriented approaches for stress urinary incontinence.
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