Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41839942›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Evaluating the 2024 dog oral rabies vaccination campaign in the Zambezi region, Namibia using GIS and household surveys.

Conrad M Freuling, Mainelo Beatrice Shikongo, Frank Busch, Sarah Gottlieb, Reinhold Haimbodi, Naindji Haindongo, Chantal Hansen, Juliet Kabajani, Joseph Kapapero, Muesee Kasaona and 6 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Conrad M FreulingInstitute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany. Conrad.Freuling@fli.de.
Mainelo Beatrice ShikongoState Veterinary Office, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Zambezi Region, Katima Mulilo, Namibia.
Frank BuschInstitute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
Sarah GottliebState Veterinary Office, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Kavango East Region, Nkurunkuru, Namibia.
Reinhold HaimbodiMinistry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Windhoek, Namibia.
Naindji HaindongoMinistry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Windhoek, Namibia.
Chantal HansenCentral Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Windhoek, Namibia.
Juliet KabajaniCentral Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Windhoek, Namibia.
Joseph KapaperoMinistry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Windhoek, Namibia.
Muesee KasaonaCentral Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Windhoek, Namibia.
Mattia MarconciniGerman Aerospace Center-DLR, Cologne, Germany.
Jeremia NamushesheState Veterinary Office, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Zambezi Region, Katima Mulilo, Namibia.
Nzwana SilumeState Veterinary Office, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Zambezi Region, Katima Mulilo, Namibia.
Tenzin TenzinWorld Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), Sub-Regional Representation for Southern Africa, Gaborone, Botswana.
Ad VosCEVA Sante Animale, Libourne, France.
Thomas MüllerInstitute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The 2024 oral rabies vaccination (ORV) campaign in Namibia’s Zambezi region aimed to address persistent rabies transmission through a large-scale effort combining direct dog vaccination and owner-assisted distribution. A total of 9,393 baits were distributed, and the campaign demonstrated feasibility and operational efficiency, achieving an estimated vaccination coverage of 47.9% of dogs in just four days, increasing to 56.8% when accounting for prior parenteral vaccination efforts. Spatial analysis revealed an average vaccination coverage of 60% across 10 × 10 km grid cells, and encompassed 81% of the human population of the Zambezi region within the vaccination coverage area. Post-vaccination surveys indicated a rise in vaccination rates (54.5% of dogs vaccinated, up from 18.9%) and lower presence of rabies. Improved education and awareness campaigns, targeted interventions in low-coverage areas, and enhanced surveillance are recommended to further reduce rabies incidence. The findings highlight the promise and proficiency of ORV campaigns in resource-constrained settings and demonstrate that its application can be key for sustained rabies control efforts in Namibia.

Indexed as

Dog DiseasesRabiesRabies VaccinesVaccinationAdministration, OralAnimalsDogsFamily CharacteristicsGeographic Information SystemsHumansImmunization ProgramsNamibiaSurveys and QuestionnairesRabies VaccinesAfricaBite incidenceDogsGISNamibiaOral vaccinationPost vaccination surveyRabiesSPBN GASGAS

Identifiers

PMID41839942
PMCPMC12996389

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.