ArticleCMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne2026
Obstetric trauma and its association with race and immigration: a population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada.
Article in CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe factors involved in the association between obstetric trauma and the race of the birthing parent are uncertain. We sought to assess the association between race and obstetric trauma, and the impact of immigration-related factors on this association.
methodsWe performed a retrospective, population-based cohort study of people with singleton, cephalic, vaginal births at 20 weeks' gestation or later in Ontario, Canada, between 2012 and 2021. The race of the birthing parent was recorded by care providers in prespecified categories (Asian, Black, White, other, and missing). The primary outcome was a composite measure of obstetric trauma (severe perineal, cervical, or high vaginal lacerations; injuries to the pelvic organs). We used multivariable modified Poisson regression to quantify the association between race and obstetric trauma. We assessed variation in this association by immigration status and duration of residence in Canada (among immigrant birthing parents).
resultsThe study included a total of 487 158 birthing parents, of whom 26.0% were recorded as Asian, 6.1% as Black, 61.0% as White, and 4.6% as other; 2.3% were missing information on race. Overall, the frequency of obstetric trauma was 5.5%; the frequency was higher among Asian (7.5%) and lower among Black (3.3%) people than among White people (4.9%). After adjustment, the risk of obstetric trauma remained higher among Asian people (adjusted relative risk [RR] 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40 to 1.52) and lower among Black people (adjusted RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.94) than among White people. The association between race and obstetric trauma varied by immigration status and duration of maternal residence in Canada (
interpretationRates of obstetric trauma were higher among Asian people and lower among Black people than among White people. Racial disparities in obstetric trauma varied by immigrant class and were attenuated as duration of maternal residence in Canada increased.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.