Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41839221›Full record

SynthesisJournal of clinical periodontology2026

The Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Tooth Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Ziqi Chen, Gagandeep Kaur, Nadia Kaunein, Claireta Handoko, Marco A Peres, Melissa Russell, Ankur Singh

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Journal of clinical periodontology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Ziqi ChenCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Gagandeep KaurCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-9226-1707
Nadia KauneinCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Claireta HandokoCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Marco A PeresNational Dental Research Institute Singapore, National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.ORCID 0000-0002-8329-2808
Melissa RussellCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Ankur SinghCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-1336-6493

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsThis systematic review aims to examine the causal effect of tobacco smoking on tooth loss. Further, the impact of different frequencies, intensities and lifetime exposures to tobacco smoking on tooth loss and whether the relationship differs by socioeconomic status (SES) are reviewed in the sub-group analysis.

methodsAn electronic search was conducted in Embase (Ovid), Ovid MEDLINE and Web of Science for studies published up to May 2025. No limits on publication dates were applied. This review included case-control and cohort studies that reported the effect of tobacco smoking on tooth loss. Risk of Bias of included studies was assessed by ROBINS-E assessment tool.

resultsA total of 30 studies were included in this systematic review. The meta-analysis from five studies indicated that current smokers have 1.41 times higher risk of tooth loss (RR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.24-1.60) than nonsmokers (sample size range: 273-34,975, n = 5). Past smoking also increases the risk of having tooth loss (RR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.07-1.37) (sample size range: 547-34,975, n = 2). None of the studies examined the effect of smoking on tooth loss by different SES.

conclusionsThis systematic review highlights the importance and urgency of quitting smoking for better oral health.

Indexed as

Tobacco SmokingTooth LossHumansRisk Factorscigarette smokingmeta‐analysissmoking cessationsystematic reviewtobaccotooth loss

Identifiers

PMID41839221
PMCPMC13086546

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.