ArticlePloS one2026
Serum levels of immunoglobulin G and M antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic individuals prior to COVID-19 vaccination in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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14 authors.
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Abstract
Despite the production of protective cross-reactive antibodies during COVID-19, data on immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels prior to vaccination remain limited in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This study aimed to assess serum IgG and IgM antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic individuals COVID-19 vaccination in the DRC. A total of 1,500 individuals who presented for COVID-19 vaccination at the University Clinics of Kinshasa between April 19 and December 31, 2021, were included. The mean age was 47.5 ± 16.0 years, with a predominance of males (69.4%, sex ratio 2:1). Prior to vaccination, 38.8% of participants had elevated IgG levels, while 32.9% had elevated IgM levels. After multivariable adjustment, female sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-2.46), non-healthcare professional status (aOR 2.24; 95% CI 1.42-3.58), and the absence of comorbidities (aOR 2.33; 95% CI 1.38-3.71) remained independently associated with IgM seropositivity. Overall, IgG and IgM seroprevalence were high prior to vaccination. IgM positivity was associated with specific sociodemographic, biochemical, and hematological profiles. These findings highlight the importance of routine serological surveillance before vaccination to better understand infection dynamics and to inform public health interventions.
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