ReviewPituitary2026
Old and new pituitary biomarkers: evidence for sex-specificity.
Review in Pituitary, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
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Abstract
purposeTo review established and emerging biochemical pituitary biomarkers, examining how biological sex influences their concentrations and diagnostic interpretation.
methodsWe performed a literature review of recent studies and guidelines on all pituitary hormone axes, emphasizing sex-specific differences, assay variability, and new biomarkers of pituitary function.
resultsSex significantly modulates all major pituitary axes. For example, women experience cyclical or estrogen-driven variations in gonadotropins, cortisol binding, and growth hormone (GH) secretion, whereas men have more stable hormonal patterns. These differences necessitate sex-specific reference intervals in contexts such as reproductive hormones, pregnancy, and IGF-I concentrations to ensure accurate interpretation. Additionally, emerging biomarkers offer new diagnostic tools: Soluble α-Klotho (sαKL) is a GH-responsive protein that is elevated in acromegaly and shows relatively modest sex-related variation in healthy adults. Copeptin, a stable surrogate for arginine vasopressin (AVP), measured in stimulation tests now outperforms the classical water deprivation test for differentiating AVP-deficiency, with markedly higher diagnostic accuracy. Furthermore, neurophysin I – an equimolar fragment co-released with oxytocin – has been validated as a robust proxy for oxytocin secretion, rising in parallel with oxytocin during stimulation and thus overcoming prior analytic challenges.
conclusionRecognizing and adjusting for sex-specific differences in pituitary biomarkers is essential to improve diagnostic precision and to ensure more equitable, personalized care in pituitary disorder management.
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