Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41838130›Full record

ArticleNaunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology2026

Limonene and carvacrol combined with drugs that inhibit ergosterol synthesis are potent against Leishmania major.

Rita de Cássia Viana de Carvalho, Karla Germana Dos Reis Bacelar, Eduardo Lima Pereira, Bianca Soriano Dos Anjos, Evellyn Caroline Silva Melo, Francisco das Chagas de Souza Cunha, Paulo Sérgio de Araujo Sousa, Jefferson Almeida Rocha, Leiz Maria Costa Véras, Klinger Antônio da Franca Rodrigues and 4 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Rita de Cássia Viana de CarvalhoBioLeish (Advanced Research in Leishmania and Alternative Models), Medicinal Plants Research Center, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Federal University of Piauí, TeresinaPiauí, 64049-550, Brazil.
Karla Germana Dos Reis BacelarBioLeish (Advanced Research in Leishmania and Alternative Models), Medicinal Plants Research Center, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Federal University of Piauí, TeresinaPiauí, 64049-550, Brazil.
Eduardo Lima PereiraBioLeish (Advanced Research in Leishmania and Alternative Models), Medicinal Plants Research Center, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Federal University of Piauí, TeresinaPiauí, 64049-550, Brazil.
Bianca Soriano Dos AnjosBioLeish (Advanced Research in Leishmania and Alternative Models), Medicinal Plants Research Center, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Federal University of Piauí, TeresinaPiauí, 64049-550, Brazil.
Evellyn Caroline Silva MeloBioLeish (Advanced Research in Leishmania and Alternative Models), Medicinal Plants Research Center, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Federal University of Piauí, TeresinaPiauí, 64049-550, Brazil.
Francisco das Chagas de Souza CunhaBioLeish (Advanced Research in Leishmania and Alternative Models), Medicinal Plants Research Center, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Federal University of Piauí, TeresinaPiauí, 64049-550, Brazil.
Paulo Sérgio de Araujo SousaMedicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Research Group, QUIMEBIO, Federal University of Maranhão, UFMA, São Bernardo, Maranhão, MA, Brazil.
Jefferson Almeida RochaMedicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Research Group, QUIMEBIO, Federal University of Maranhão, UFMA, São Bernardo, Maranhão, MA, Brazil.
Leiz Maria Costa VérasCCB (Bacabal Science Center), Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Bacabal Campus, BacabalMaranhão, 65700-000, Brazil.
Klinger Antônio da Franca RodriguesCEBSI (Special Coordination of Biological and Health Sciences), Federal University of Maranhão, São LuísMaranhão, 65080805, Brazil.
Maria das Graças de Freire MedeirosDepartment of Pharmacy, Federal University of Piaui, TeresinaPiauí, 64049-550, Brazil.
Daniel Dias Rufino ArcanjoDepartment of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, TeresinaPiauí, 64049-550, Brazil.
Michel Mualem de Moraes AlvesBioLeish (Advanced Research in Leishmania and Alternative Models), Medicinal Plants Research Center, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Federal University of Piauí, TeresinaPiauí, 64049-550, Brazil. mualemmichel@ufpi.edu.br.
Fernando Aécio de Amorim CarvalhoBioLeish (Advanced Research in Leishmania and Alternative Models), Medicinal Plants Research Center, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Federal University of Piauí, TeresinaPiauí, 64049-550, Brazil.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Leishmaniases are neglected diseases widely distributed in tropical and subtropical countries, caused by parasites of the Leishmania genus. Current therapy includes pentavalent antimonial and amphotericin B, but adverse effects persist. The development of a new, more selective, and less toxic combination therapy is therefore a rational and promising approach. In this study, we report the effects of combinations of the monoterpenes limonene (Lim) and carvacrol (Car) with drugs targeting ergosterol biosynthesis, namely nystatin (Nys), tioconazole (Tio), and rosuvastatin (Ros), on Leishmania major, their cytotoxicity on macrophages, and we evaluate their synergism and mechanisms of action. The combinations inhibited the growth of L. major promastigotes, with Lim-Car combined with nystatin (3:2) exhibiting the highest activity, showing an IC

Indexed as

Antiprotozoal AgentsCymenesErgosterolLeishmania majorLimoneneMonoterpenesAnimalsDrug SynergismFemaleMacrophagesMiceMice, Inbred BALB CAntiprotozoal AgentscarvacrolCymenesErgosterolLimoneneMonoterpenesDrug synergyLeishmaniasisMonoterpenesNystatinPolyene antifungals

Identifiers

PMID41838130
PMCPMC13269312

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.