ArticleDysphagia2026
Effects of Cold and Sour Stimulation on Surface Electromyographic Signals of Swallowing Muscles in Healthy Young Adults.
Article in Dysphagia, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
To analyze the effects of cold, sour, and combined cold-sour stimulation on swallowing muscle activity by recording surface electromyographic (sEMG) signals from the masseter, submental, and infrahyoid muscles in healthy individuals, thereby investigating the impact of these sensory stimuli on swallowing function. Thirty healthy participants (15 males, 15 females) were recruited. Participants maintained an upright seated position with the head neutrally aligned. They received 15 mL injections of room-temperature water, cold water, sour water, and cold-sour water via needle-free syringe in sequence. Each liquid was tested three times under two protocols: single-swallow stimulation (immediate swallowing) and 5-s sustained stimulation (holding liquid for 5 s before swallowing). To mitigate fatigue, a 30-s rest interval was enforced between trials. Bilateral sEMG signals from target muscles were recorded for root mean square (RMS) and mean power frequency (MPF) analysis. Single-swallow stimulation: Sour stimulation significantly increased RMS in bilateral submental muscles (P < 0.05), whereas cold-sour stimulation elevated RMS in the right submental muscle (P < 0.05). Both sour and cold-sour stimulation reduced MPF in bilateral masseter muscles (P < 0.0083). 5-s sustained stimulation: Sour stimulation activated RMS in bilateral masseter and left submental muscles (P < 0.05), while sour and cold-sour stimulation enhanced RMS in bilateral submental muscles (P < 0.0083) and decreased MPF in bilateral masseter (P < 0.05) and left submental muscles (P < 0.05). Compared to cold stimulation, sour stimulation more effectively activates the masseter and submental muscles, and prolonging stimulation duration enhances efficacy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41838127What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.