ArticleBulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology2026
Removal of Bisphenol A, Bisphenol S, and Estrogenic Activity from Real Wastewater Using a Multi-stage IFAS System.
Article in Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
This study evaluated the removal of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), and estrogenic activity from real municipal wastewater using a pilot-scale multi-stage integrated fixed-film activated sludge (MS-IFAS) system. The configuration comprised five sequential reactors (Anaerobic, Anoxic-1, Aerobic under IFAS, Anoxic-2, and Re-aeration) providing distinct redox conditions. Influent concentrations averaged 112.6 ± 49.5 µg L−1 for BPA and 6.6 ± 3.0 µg L−1 for BPS. Overall removal efficiencies reached 99.8 ± 0.1% and 97.7 ± 1.0%, respectively, despite influent variability. The aerobic IFAS reactor was the main contributor to contaminant degradation, maintaining performance even after a > 90% biomass loss. Estrogenicity, assessed by the Yeast Estrogen Screen assay and expressed as 17β-estradiol equivalents (E2-EQ) decreased by 83.2% (0.031–0.005 ng L−1). Effluent E2-EQ values were below ecotoxicological thresholds, indicating negligible estrogenic risk to aquatic organisms. These highlight the strong potential of MS-IFAS for removal of xenoestrogenic contaminants in real wastewater.
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