Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41836642›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in big data2026

GFTrans: an on-the-fly static analysis framework for code performance profiling.

Jie Li, Yunbao Wen, Jingxin Liu, Biqing Zeng, Seyedali Mirjalili

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in big data, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Jie LiSchool of Artificial Intelligence, South China Normal University, Foshan, China.
Yunbao WenSchool of Artificial Intelligence, South China Normal University, Foshan, China.
Jingxin LiuSchool of Mathematics and Physics Sciences, RI-IM·AI*, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China.
Biqing ZengSchool of Artificial Intelligence, South China Normal University, Foshan, China.
Seyedali MirjaliliCenter for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimization, Torrens University Australia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Improving software efficiency is crucial for maintenance, but pinpointing runtime bottlenecks becomes increasingly difficult as systems expand. Traditional dynamic profiling tools require full build-execution cycles, creating significant latency that impedes agile development. To address this, we introduce GFTrans, a static analysis framework that predicts c program performance without execution. GFTrans utilizes a Transformer architecture with a novel "anchor-based embedding" technique to integrate control flow and data dependencies into a unified sequence. Additionally, a dynamic gating mechanism fuses these semantic representations with 16 handcrafted statistical features to comprehensively capture code complexity. Evaluated on a dataset of real-world GitHub c functions with high-precision runtime labels, GFTrans outperforms baseline models like Random Forest and Code2Vec, achieving 78.64% accuracy. The system identifies potential bottlenecks in milliseconds, enabling developers to perform optimization effectively during the coding phase.

Indexed as

code representation learningcontrol flow and data flowgraph linearizationon-the-fly profilingperformance predictionstatic analysis

Identifiers

PMID41836642
PMCPMC12982020

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.