ArticleAPL bioengineering2026
Closing the loop on glioblastoma: A roadmap toward developing bioelectronics for continuous monitoring of tumor state.
Article in APL bioengineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Closed-loop bioelectronic devices offer a promising platform for responsive treatment to heterogeneous disease states. Glioblastoma, an aggressive form of brain cancer, has recently emerged as a focus of bioelectronic medicine through delivery of electrotherapies. This perspective article posits that true progress in the management of this extremely heterogeneous disease requires the integration of continuous monitoring from the tumor microenvironment as well as on-device analytics to enact closed-loop control. Four promising candidate biological changes present in the glioblastoma microenvironment are highlighted (local field potentials, bioimpedance, local pH, biomarkers) alongside the bioelectronic sensors that can enable the development of multifunctional bioelectronic devices to monitor the changes. Finally, three key principles (patient involvement, data analytics, and device fabrication) governing the successful implementation of closed-loop sensors are proposed to create a roadmap for academics and industry partners to successfully develop multimodal devices for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Registered trials
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