ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Immune modulation by sex hormones: unveiling the complex interplay and regulatory networks.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Prenatal exposure to organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers and maternal immune responses in three ECHO cohorts.Environmental research · 2026Article
- Sex-dependent transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of neutrophil inflammatory programs in COPD.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Regulatory T cells in pregnancy disorders: a multi-dimensional framework for biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sex hormones, androgens, estrogens, and progestogens, play critical regulatory roles in the development and activation of the immune system, which contribute to the sex dimorphism in the disease susceptibility. Sex hormone receptors are expressed in various of immune cells as well as epithelial and stromal cells, implying both direct and indirect effects of sex hormones. Immune system homeostasis can be disrupted by fluctuations in sex hormone levels, which occur during physiological states such as pregnancy and aging, under the influence of the microbiota, or upon exposure to endocrine disruptors. All of these factors have potential impacts on the immune system homeostasis. Here, we provide an overview of the sex hormone system and how sex hormones affect the immune system. Additionally, we highlight the roles of epithelial and stromal cells in the sex hormone-immune crosstalk and discuss key factors that affect sex hormone levels and have potential regulatory effects on immune balance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.