ArticleFrontiers in neuroscience2026
Differential cortical responses to neuromuscular electrical vs. peripheral magnetic stimulation: a multimodal TMS-fNIRS study.
Article in Frontiers in neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objective: To investigate cortical modulatory effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and peripheral magnetic stimulation (PMS) applied to the wrist extensors of healthy adults, using fNIRS as the primary assessment modality. Methods: In a randomized crossover design, 15 right-handed adults received NMES and PMS sessions (separated by ≥48 h). Stimulation intensity was functionally calibrated to elicit a matched, maximal painless wrist dorsiflexion. Corticospinal excitability was assessed via motor evoked potentials (MEPs) before and after each intervention. Real-time cortical hemodynamics were monitored with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during stimulation, quantifying changes in oxygenated ([HbO]) and deoxygenated ([HbR]) hemoglobin concentrations across the sensorimotor (SMC), prefrontal (PFC), and occipital (OC) cortices. Results: Neither NMES nor PMS induced significant changes in MEP amplitude (NMES: Conclusions: A single session of NMES and PMS differentially modulates real-time cortical hemodynamics without altering corticospinal excitability. PMS induces focal, excitatory-dominant activation of the contralateral SMC, while NMES evokes a pattern of widespread cortical modulation, reflecting their distinct afferent mechanisms.
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