Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41835228›Full record

ArticleNational science review2026

A soft biosensor with printable responsive hydrogel interfaces for detection and differentiation of blood circulation complications.

Yuqi Qiu, Ganguang Yang, Zhixin Wang, Bo Pang, Sen Zhou, Qingyang Zheng, Tianzhao Bu, Jia Tian, Bing Xue, Junhak Lee and 5 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in National science review, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Yuqi QiuFlexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
Ganguang YangFlexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
Zhixin WangFlexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
Bo PangFlexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
Sen ZhouFlexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
Qingyang ZhengFlexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
Tianzhao BuFlexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
Jia TianDepartment of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
Bing XueDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore  117575, Singapore.
Junhak LeeDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
Yeonsik ChoiDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
Zhouping YinFlexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
Changsheng WuDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore  117575, Singapore.
Yutian LiuDepartment of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
Hao WuFlexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1494-0848

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Flexible electronics for healthcare applications have been drawing significant attention and show great promise for monitoring blood circulation (e.g. postoperative monitoring of free flaps). However, existing methods for design and fabrication of interfaces with human skin still cannot meet the challenging clinical requirements of superior adhesion during monitoring, and avoiding wound damage during peel-off. Here, we propose a soft biosensor with universal responsive hydrogel interfaces for detecting blood circulation complications. Particularly, we develop thermoresponsive and printable hydrogel inks to rapidly achieve high-precision patterning and wide-range adhesion regulation of interface layers. In clinical cases, the hydrogel biosensor can establish robust hydrogel/flap skin coupling for high-fidelity signal acquisition during monitoring, and ensure benign detachment to prevent tissue injury after monitoring. We achieve precise arterial perfusion monitoring based on the perfusion index (PI) via an 810 nm light source. Additionally, we propose a new metric, the balance index (BI), to monitor venous congestion. By analyzing BI, PI and skin temperature, the biosensor enables accurate detection and differentiation of blood circulation complications. The printable thermoresponsive hydrogel can be adopted as a universal interface in flexible electronics for healthcare applications, and the biosensor represents a promising platform for blood circulation monitoring.

Indexed as

blood circulation complicationsdirect printingflexible electronicsresponsive hydrogel interfacesoft bioelectronics

Identifiers

PMID41835228
PMCPMC12980341

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.